Ecological processes and sustainability

SUMMARY

Ecology has developed from its position as an obscure science to being at the interface of science and public policy. The impact of mankind can be described in ecological terms relating to population size, energy use and non-renewability. Sustainable development needs to be addressed on the basis of knowledge of ecological processes which maintain the environment in a state of change; the processes need to be conserved, not maintained in any particular state. Recent advances in the understanding of ecological processes are reviewed to highlight the potential contribution of this knowledge to the development of a sustainable policy. At the level of the population the significance of considering the extinction risks in the framework of spatio-temporal dynamics is now established indicating opportunities for planning land use more precisely to sustain biodiversity. Whilst the maintenance of habitats is generally the key to the persistence of biodiversity, they must be viewed as ever-changing mosaics within which cycles of succession, best described by Markovian sets of probabilities, are occurring continually. The extent to which these probabilities are distorted will determine whether the ecosystem returns to the same system or moves to a novel one. At the global level, biogeochemical cycles have a certain flexibility in relation to fluxes and stocks, hence pollution must be defined by relating the flow rate of the substance to this flexibility, which often permits the accommodation of anthropogenic perturbations. Non-sustainable processes can be defined in ecological terms, thus providing functional definitions of a sustainable policy and of sustainable development.     

Dynamics of bacterial communities during a seasonal hypoxia at the Bohai Sea: Coupling and response between abundant and rare populations

Marine bacterial community plays a vital role in the formation of the hypoxia zone in coastal oceans. Yet, their dynamics in the seasonal hypoxia zone of the Bohai Sea(BHS) are barely studied. Here, the 16S r RNA gene-based high-throughput sequencing was used to explore the dynamics of their diversity, structure, and function as well as driving factors during the gradual deoxygenation process in the BHS. Our results evinced that the bacterial community was dominated by Proteobacteria, followed b...     

除冰盐环境下混凝土冻融损伤深度的试验研究

文章对除冰盐环境下混凝土的冻融损伤进行了试验研究,通过对比混凝土外观变化规律、超声设备检测结果以及混凝土触水面渗透情况来获得不同冻融循环次数下混凝土的损伤深度情况。研究结果表明,当经历20次冻融循环后,混凝土冻融损伤开始向混凝土内部扩展。当经历30次冻融循环后,混凝土冻融损伤深度向下快速发展。当经历70次冻融循环后,混凝土冻融损伤向下发展变慢。这是由于前期冻融循环造成混凝土试件顶部产生大量微裂缝足以排出由于结冰产生的开裂应力,从而减弱冻融损伤向下发展的趋势。而在实际混凝土桥梁表面由于磨损存在,冻融损伤会不断向内扩展,值得桥梁管理人员注意。另外,在90次冻融循环后,最大渗透深度达到25mm,即细观裂缝已经接近普通钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋的位置,容易引发钢筋锈蚀问题。本试验研究结果可以为北方寒冷地区混凝土桥梁的抗锈蚀设计提供依据。     

全自动消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中16种元素

采用HNO_3-HF-HClO_4消解体系,建立了全自动消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定土壤中~(75)As、~9Be、~(51)V、~(55)Mn、~(59)Co、~(60)Ni、~(63)Cu、~(66)Zn、~(98)Mo、~(111)Cd、~(138)Ba、~(205)Tl、~(208)Pb、~(107)Ag、~(52)Cr、~(121)Sb等16种元素的新方法。通过碰撞池技术和编辑干扰元素校正方程有效校正了质谱干扰,并用内标校正了土壤基体干扰。用土壤标准物质GSS-13验证该方法,其校准曲线相关系数大于0.999 9,方法检出限在0.005~0.5μg/g之间,RSD为0.22%~2.35%,加标回收率为92%~114%。采用该方法测定实际土壤样品,加标回收率为93%~123%。     

地下水渗流沉降的三维耦合模型及程序的研制

研制可合理模拟预测基坑降水过程中引起地面沉降的计算机程序,并提出最优化降水方案.基于三维全耦合数值模型,笔者开发了GWS软件.GWS软件是以比奥固结理论为基础,将土体的非线性特征及土的渗透性随应力状态的动态变化考虑进去,通过耦合地下水渗流场和土体应力场进行模拟预测基坑降水过程中渗流场及地面沉降的变化.以一个实际基坑降水工程为例,经GWS软件计算得出5口井联合抽水方案,后续工程证明此方案正确、可靠.以三维全耦合数值理论为基础的GWS软件,可以为基坑降水工程引起的地下水渗流场变化及地面沉降量提供可靠的预测.     

ICP-AES测定南宁市大气颗粒物中重金属含量

采用石英滤纸和隔膜真空泵自制采样装置,对南宁市区的居民区、校园区、商业区和工业区进行连续10d的大气采样,所得样品经微波消解后,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定铬、铁、铜、锌、砷、镉和铅七种重金属元素含量以检测南宁市空气质量,同时考察了仪器工作参数对测定结果的影响。实验表明:在选定的实验条件下,各元素的检出限低,准确性和精密度良好。样品测定结果表明,大气环境中重金属污染物以Fe、Zn和Pb为主;工业区,商业区,居民区重金属含量高于校园区。重金属平均浓度最大值为:Cr(0.06027μg/m)3、Fe(1.8541μg/m)3、Cu(0.02214μg/m)3、Zn(0.3666μg/m)3、As(0.02272μg/m)3、Cd(0.004733μg/m)3、Pb(0.1843μg/m)3,低于我国(TJ36-96)《居住区大气中的有害物质最高容许量》中规定值,说明南宁市空气质量良好。     

SCR脱硝尿素中微量元素的质谱法测定

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定SCR脱硝尿素中Na、Mg、Al、P、K、Ca、Cr、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb等12种微量元素的分析方法.通过向碰撞/反应池(CRC)系统中引入氦气消除多原子离子质谱干扰,采用混合内标元素45Sc、89Y、209Bi消除基体效应.结果表明,各元素在一定范围内线性关系良好,方法的检出限为0.2～23.6 ng/L,样品的加标回收率在89.6％ ～ 108.4％之间,RSD在1.6％ ～3.8％之间.方法能准确测定SCR脱硝尿素中的多个微量元素,可用于SCR脱硝尿素的质量控制和安全评价.     

电镀污泥标准浸出方法的比对

采用3种固体废物浸出毒性标准浸出方法处理电镀污泥,考察浸提剂、样品粒径、液固比、振荡时间、振荡方式等因素对电镀污泥中重金属浸出效果的影响,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定浸出液中铜、锌、镍、铬、铅、镉、钡等元素。试验表明:醋酸缓冲溶液体系浸出液中重金属浓度最高;样品粒径越小,浸出毒性越大;翻转振荡比水平振荡更有利于重金属浸出;液固比增大,重金属浸出量增加;虽然液固比和振荡时间对重金属浸出效果均有影响,但很难确定最佳值。     

Fenton氧化-絮凝耦合去除水中As(Ⅲ)的机理

为了改善亚铁(Fe(Ⅱ))絮凝去除水中As(Ⅲ)的效果,对Fe(Ⅱ)/H2O2(Fenton试剂)氧化-絮凝耦合工艺进行了研究。以5 mg/L的As(Ⅲ)模拟废水为处理对象,对比了Fenton氧化-絮凝耦合处理As(Ⅲ)和单一Fe(Ⅱ)絮凝的效果。结果表明:单一絮凝对总砷的去除率只有60%左右,而氧化-絮凝耦合的去除率可达99.3%;氧化-絮凝耦合产生的絮体粒度约为单一絮凝的3倍,明显增强了絮凝沉降性能。SEM、XRD、BET测试结果表明:Fenton氧化-絮凝耦合去除水中As(Ⅲ)产生的絮体初级粒子是一种无定形纳米颗粒;氧化-絮凝耦合反应产生的Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)混合态水解形成纳米胶体,对As(Ⅴ)的絮凝吸附优于As(Ⅲ)。氧化还原电位的测定表明As(Ⅲ)被迅速氧化为As(Ⅴ),且是一种原位氧化-絮凝反应过程。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤样品中的痕量硒元素

随着电感耦合等离子体质谱技术的发展,准确测定环境样品中的痕量硒元素含量越来越受到关注。质量数76、78、80和82的硒元素受氩的多原子干扰非常严重,必须进行校正才能得到满意的结果。利用动态反应池模式对土壤样品的测定条件进行条件优化,将Cell Gas从0.3～0.7ml/min步幅0.1ml/min、RPQ从0.45～0.7步幅0.05进行同步优化,最终确定针对消解样品的Cell Gas为0.5ml/min,RPQ为0.45,78Se是最佳的测定同位素。通过石墨电热赶酸仪赶酸,适当稀释控制可溶性固体量,在线加入103Rh内标来克服基线漂移,提高了分析方法的准确性。2%甲醇的加入提高了硒在电感耦合等离子体中的离子化强度,在一定程度上增强了低浓度的响应值。根据国家标准参考物质的分析结果评价方法的准确性,证实所建立的方法简便、准确、快速。